【Presentations】
1. Masahiro Nishio (METI / AIST)
　Dr. Nishio made a presentation titled “the Background and Future of CCS”, summarizing the past history of CCS studies in Japan, and introducing the recent trends in CCS-related international cooperation and pilot projects.

2. Hisashi Ishitani, Professor, Keio University and Lead Author of Chapter 1: “Introduction”
　Prof. Ishitani summarized the past CCS discussions at the IPCC, and indicated that in the IPCC Third Assessment Report, global efforts in climate change stepped up to the stage of pursuing more practical and economic mitigation measures. At the same time, the IPCC set two separate working groups to address adaptation measures and mitigation measures, showing the damages of global warming more apparently. With these background, the CCS technology, which used to be a mere part of mitigation measures, started to draw attention. Professor Ishitani also explained important points of CCS technologies discussed in the Chapter 1.

3. Masaki Iijima, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Lead Author of Chapter 3: “Capture of CO2”
　Mr. Iijima explained the “capture” part of the CCS technology discussed in Chapter 3, and indicated that the report assumes power plants as CCS technology application sites. Also, he pointed out the vast regional differences in geological storage potentials. In North America and Europe, CO2 emission sources have geological storage potentials (acquifer) at or near them, while there is almost no potential of geological storage in Japan. He also pointed out the importance of capturing CO2 from flue gas (post combustion) because most of the current CO2 emissions come from flue gas. The cost of CO2 capture is about 15 - 75 US$/tCO2 (net capture) at coal or gas-fired power plants.

4. Takashi Ohsumi, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Lead Author of Chapter 6: “Chapter 5: Geological storage”

　Dr. Ohsumi explained Chapter 5 Geological Storage, which dominates about one fifth of the entire Special Report. He indicated the extreme difficulty in estimating the potential capacity of geological storage, and mentioned that the range would be from 1.5 billion to 80 billion tons in Japan, and 200 billion to 5.6 trillion tons in the world . Dr. Ohsumi also stated that the Special Report explained the current situation of CCS technologies based on the ongoing projects in the world. He also presented some other issues including the CO2 retention rate for geological storage (likely to exceed 99% even after 1,000 years), risk assessment, and legal issues (such as “London Convention” or relevant domestic laws).

5. Yoshihisa Shirayama, Professor, Kyoto University, Lead Author of Chapter 6: Ocean Storage
　Prof. Shirayama presented Chapter 6 of the Report, and indicated that despite today’s fairly high level of scientific knowledge and insights about ocean storage, it is not sufficient to warrant the safety of such storage.

6. Yasumasa Fujii, Professor, the University of Tokyo, Lead Author of Chapter 8: Cost and Economic Potential
　Prof. Fujii presented Chapter 8 of the Report, which summarized the costs of capture, transport and storage of CO2 described in Chapter 3 to 7. He indicated that the CCS will increase electricity costs by 40-70% at coal power plants or natural gas combined cycle power plants (GCC), and by 20-55% at integrated gas combined cycle power plants (IGCC). In the future, 20-30 % cost reduction will be possible. In terms of transportation costs, pipeline have cost advantage for the distance of 1200 km or shorter, while shipping will be more advantageous in case of longer distance. The monitoring cost of geological storage is estimated as about 0.1 to 0.3 US$/tCO2. Prof. Fujii also discussed the role of CCS in the analysis of integrated assessment model. As a long term measure, CCS is a favorable technology with relatively large reduction potential and low marginal abatement cost. On the other hand, because of the fact that more energy (i.e. more fossil fuels) is involved to operate CCS, careful economic consideration should be carried out.

7. Makoto Akai, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Lead Author of Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary, Coordinating Lead Author of Chapter 6, and Contributing Author of Chapter 8
　Dr. Akai explained the background of CCS Special Report preparation, and presented the details of the Summary for Policymakers.
The SPM point out that CCS is an effective global warming measure. However, as no single technology option will be able to provide massive emission reduction, it is necessary to have a portfolio of technologies. In addition, he introduced other points indicated in the SPM, such as the costs of CCS, energy requirement, possible locations of mass CO2 sources for CCS, technological potentials of CO2 reduction, and geological retention rate of CO2 for a longer term.

　After these presentations, Mr. Taka Hiraishi, Co-chair of IPCC National GHG Inventory Programme, made comment on the Report as well as explained the relevant provisions of 2006 IPCC Guidlines for National GHG Inventory, which was due in Spring 2006. At the question and answer session, several questions were raised from the floor, such as ultra long-term management issue (leakage), implications of CCS for diffusion of renewable energies(with CCS adding cost to fossil fuel use), prospects of ocean storage, public awareness, etc., each of which were duly answered by the presenters.